Post Lab Report Sample

Post Lab Report Paper This process aids in determining affinity. 3 The most polar compound is always the absorbent; however, the polarity of the compounds in the mixture in addition to the solvents found in the mixture differs in polarities. We use chromatography, or more specifically TTL, to determine the relative amounts of components in a mixture. Additionally TTL is utilized to determine the identity of two substances. When utilizing TTL, the ratio of distance traveled by the compound to the solvent is defined as RFC. 1 Column Chromatography, is used in this experiment to separate -carotene from a mixture. Column Chromatography is utilized for purification of both solids and liquids. Primarily, C is used to separate and isolate compounds. The similarities between TTL and C include the utilization of a chamber and IV light to identify the affinity of the compounds. The steps found during a TTL can also be found in a C. Differences include the extraction and purification procedure found in a C. Results Thin Layer Chromatography Compound I Distance (CM) I Acetaminophen 1 4. 71 Caffeine 1 1. 51 Aspirin 1 01 Ibuprofen 1 01 Solvent front | 6. 5 | Thin Layer Chromatography with unknown Unknown 1 1. 51 Thin Layer Chromatography comparison Residue | 0 | Isolated -carotene 1 01 Standard -carotene | 0 | Calculations RFC = Distance traveled by the compound / Distance traveled by solvent RFC Acetaminophen = 4. CM / 6. CM = 0. 7 RFC Caffeine = 1. CM / 6. CM = 0. 2 RFC Aspirin = Com / 6. CM RFC Ibuprofen = Com / 6. CM RFC Unknown = 1. CM / 6. CM Discussion The experimental results indicate that the identity of the unknown tablet was determined by measuring and comparing the distance traveled by the known standards to the unknown standard. The RFC value of Caffeine was 0. ND of the unknown was also 0. 2 as shown by the calculations above, this proves that the unknown substance was Caffeine, given that the unknown substance traveled 1. CM and was equal to the distance traveled by Caffeine, showing that they were the same. Acetaminophen had a Revalue of 0. 7 with Aspirin having a RFC value of O and Ibuprofen also having a RFC value of 0. This shows that the unknown tablet was Caffeine. Yes, the column chromatography experiment was successful as the residue, isolated and standard -carotene did not move from the baseline so all he three dots did not move. We will write a custom essay sample on Post Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Post Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Post Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This shows that they must be similar, we could have used a better solvent than hexane to show reliable results. Conclusion The TTL successfully exhibited the different affinities of the analgesics. The RFC values were successfully obtained and due to the different affinities, the unknown standard was identified. However, the identity of the unknown standard was not easily attainable, there were complications with the experiment. The complications that could have hindered the results, include human error in measuring and observing. Also, the tools used in this experiment may not have been sterile and the stock solutions may not have been pure solutions. For the column chromatography experiment, the isolated -carotene obtained was isolated from the solution, again human error in measuring and observing could have hindered these results. For isolating -carotene, the solvent used was hexane but that did not move the components so a better solvent could have been used to show more reliable results and to make the components move from the baseline.

I Am Sayings Of Jesus In Johns Gospel Religion Essay Example

I Am Sayings Of Jesus In Johns Gospel Religion Essay Example I Am Sayings Of Jesus In Johns Gospel Religion Essay I Am Sayings Of Jesus In Johns Gospel Religion Essay The purpose of this assignment is to exegetically discoursing the I AM expressions of Jesus within John s Gospel, province their significance to redemption. Jesus used symbolic linguistic communication in speaking about Himself and His relationship to people. Harmonizing to Tenney the ground for Jesus utilizing symbols was to exemplify assorted facets of His ministry. John uses symbols to indicate to the celestial world revealed in Jesus. In visible radiation of this Butler states that the word symbol does non look in the Bible nevertheless, both the Old and New Testament are rich in symbolic linguistic communication. Writing The writer of John s Gospel is non mentioned by name, but early Christian beginnings indicate this Gospel was written by John, the adherent and boy of Zebedee, one of the 12 adherents who was at the Passover repast with Jesus. John referred to himself as the darling adherent and eyewitness of the events of Jesus life. He identifies himself as, this is the adherent that testifies of these things, and wrote these things ; and we know that his testimony is true ( John 21:24 ) . John s Gospel includes seven I AM expressions uncovering God as manifested in Jesus and His relationship with Israel. God s name I AM reveals His individuality, His position, and His character, and was given to Jesus so that He can uncover God s glorification to mankind, in the universe where many claim to be Gods and Jesuss. The Bread of Life This is the first of John s expressions where he uses the metaphor to uncover Jesus as vitalizing nutrient. As a whole the transition challenges the Galileans to believe in Jesus celestial beginning and embodiment so that they may hold ageless life now every bit good as at the end-time. John describes Jesus as the Son of Man, who is the true nutrient that gives imperishable life ; this instruction was a testing to see whether the listeners would make up ones mind to follow Christ or reject Him. After Jesus had satisfied the hungriness of five 1000s people from multiplying five loaves of staff of life and two fishes ; they had became hungry once more and asked Jesus to state them about the religious truth about the nutrient that nourished each of them. Milne claims that the Galileans had mercenary docket and a lacked the consciousness of the demands of the bosom. For them God s approvals are a free nutrient supply and a political Messiah who would free them of their heated Roman leaders. Their concern is with what they can make to assist the cause along. They demanded another miracle to turn out His claim to give ageless life. They thought that believing could come merely by seeing miracles. Jesus points out to them that if they spend their present and future life working to derive material things and disregard the nutrient available to them in Jesus, they will die. The people challenged Jesus claim that He had sole authorization by God to give them imperishable nutrient. They so began to mention Bible to Jesus by stating, it is written that our sires ate manna that was given to them as nutrient from heaven by Moses ( Exodus 16:31 ) . The point they were seeking to do here is that the manna eaten by their sires had a heavenly character. Jesus responded by rectifying their misunderstanding of the Bible, and stated that the manna had non come from Moses but from God, his Father. Whereas the manna ( nutrient ) God supplied in the wilderness through Moses was perishable it gave physical life and fulfilling physical hungriness and was merely for the people of Israel. The bread God gives through Jesus is the true imperishable staff of life and is the gift of life for the whole universe. The people asked Jesus to give them this staff of life ever, they did non understand what it was they were bespeaking. They did non cognize the religious significance of the nutrient given nor that Jesus Himself is that nutrient, but assumed that Jesus was talking of some sort of supernatural nutrient that would be available whenever they felt hungry. This so prompts Jesus to eventually state, I am the staff of life of life, who of all time comes to me will neer travel hungry and he who believes in me will neer be thirsty. John provinces that they were concentrating on the gift without recognizing the giver, and saw Him as a admiration worker. Jesus is the imperishable nutrient, He is the beginning of life imparts life to worlds, and to have this life one should come to Him in religion non by plants. Jesus concern is to face them with their mistakes and indicate them to the true manner to happen life from God, they merely need to believe and trust on Him and on Him entirely as the one the Father has sent as a forfeit for the wickedness of the universe. The Light of the World The 2nd expression of Jesus claim to be the true Light of the people of God, non merely of Israel, but of the whole universe. Within this transition it gives two ways of life on Earth which is dominated by two opposite forces visible radiation and darkness. John uses thoughts that were current in his clip to proclaim that anyone who believes in Jesus and obeys Him can non be controlled by immorality, and because Jesus is the Light darkness can non get the better of Him. In chapter ( 8:24 ) Jesus struggle with those who were in darkness because of their wickedness and unbelief, illustrates an on-going struggle between visible radiation and darkness and farther warranting His claim as the Light of the universe . What he is stating here is that merely He can take people out of darkness into visible radiation, out of their psychotic belief into truth, and from decease by giving the visible radiation of life. Whoever follows Him will neer walk in darkness but have the visible radiation o f life. From this Jesus is stating that He has a alone relationship with the Father and He is the disclosure of the 1 and merely God, who is light and redemption. Jesus is the Light of the universe in the sense that He is the glow of God s glorification in the universe, and carrier of the visible radiation of God. In ( Isa 49:6 ) He is besides recall as the Servant of the Lord who would be a visible radiation for the Gentiles who will convey redemption to all world. The Good Shepherd and the Door This transition contains two metaphorically I AM expressions whereby Jesus declares himself to be the Good Shepherd and the Door. Here he promises protection and a manner of redemption for his followings. First by taking on the function of Shepherd Jesus reveals himself as the Christ and Shepherd King, who leads his people with compassion, protecting and caring for them while supplying a sense of belonging to himself and God. As the shepherd goes before the sheep they in bend meekly follow Him, trusting and obeying His words and non the words of those who oppose Him. Second Jesus points out that there is merely one door into the sheep pen, implies that He is the lone door to Salvation. By proclaiming that He is the door for the sheep, Jesus is stating that He is the lone manner by which one can see God and His love ; the lone one through whom celestial secrets and godly life are imparted to those who obey Him, He is their defender and the agencies by which they obtain religious nutriment, He is the lone manner of communicating between Eden and Earth. In add-on to this Jesus claims that stealers and robbers who came before Him can neer come in the sheep pen to misdirect the sheep ( people ) . Here Jesus is mentioning to the Pharisees, the Judaic leaders, who exercise authorization over the people of Israel by misinterpreting the Law to 4 their ain advantage ; and the leaders who attempt, to win the trueness of the people before Christ came in the flesh. He says, Like stealers, they approach was secret and cunning, and like robbers they were engaged in force and devastation ( Ezek 34:1 ) . They had non been sent by God either through Christ, but illicitly claim leading. Jesus states that the sheep shall no longer follow or listen to the voice of these false leaders, because they now know and hear the voice of the true shepherd. The Resurrection and Life In chapter eleven Jesus affirms He is the Resurrection and life, and John quotes that raising Lazarus from the dead at Bethany is a preliminary to Jesus ain decease and Resurrection. He claims that the Resurrection life is like a future experience and a present world. Second John claims that Jesus is the lone 1 who can raise the dead and give life. Therefore, the Resurrection and life can merely be experienced in Jesus. Consequently the word life is indistinguishable to eternal life , the Godhead gift given to those who believe in Jesus. Ultimately, those who receive His life are born of the Spirit. Jesus does non merely raise the dead by His voice giving life, but He is the Resurrection and the life, holding the power to Resurrection comprehensiveness of life, besides confirming that He works in unity with God in raising the dead. Harmonizing to Jesus, all human existences will be resurrected after decease to have God s opinion, for it is appointed for them to decease one time, and after that to confront opinion ( Heb 9:27 ) . The words will neer die does non assure immortality, but those who believe in Jesus by religion will confront physical decease like every other human being, but decease will hold no control over them. By the power of Jesus they will lift up from the dead to see heavenly life in all its comprehensiveness. Therefore the 1 who lives and keeps on believing will non die everlastingly. The Way, the Truth, and the Life John sees this as Jesus pastoral address delivered to His adherents before He leaves them to travel to the Father. In malice of their close relationship with Jesus, 5 His adherents still did non understand His finish. From this misconstruing Jesus makes His 6th I AM stating, and it is the merely 1 to be followed by three predicates. He profess that he is the manner, the truth and the life, and that no 1 comes to the Father but through Him. Here the way is the 1 that is emphasised because it corresponds with Jesus statement in ( 14:4 ) Where I go you Know, and the manner you know, and Thomas enquiry in ( 14:5 ) , Lord we do non cognize where you are traveling ; how can we cognize the manner? The predicates truth and life are so added to explicate the term way . In response to Thomas s inquiry Jesus answers him by stating, I am traveling to be with God, the Father of us all. So when He states, I am the manner, He is stating that it is merely in Communion with Him that one can make God. Here John stresses that Jesus is God s lone disclosure and the lone manner of redemption. Jesus came from God and is traveling back to God by manner of being crucified and so resurrected ; He is God s self-revelation and the 1 who is the lone manner to God. The two nouns truth and life, reveal that Jesus is the true and living manner to God, because He is the truth of God and the life of God. Here John s accent is on the indi vidual Jesus who is the manner to the presence of God there one will see ageless joy. Parallel to versify 6 is Psalm 16:11 which speak of those who follow the way of life will see joy to the full in the presence of God. Jesus is the Word incarnate and Teachs to His adherents that He is the true and vitalizing manner to the presence of God in peace and prosperity ; Isaiah ( 30:23-26 ) , besides speaks of this prosperity to the people who obey the word. As the manner, Jesus gives us entree to the Father ; He will besides include with Himself all those who trust in Him when He returns to His Father. As the truth, Jesus reveals God as the Truth to the universe in His love, clemency and rescue. As the life, Jesus gives life and peace to all those who believe in Him. Merely those who see God s love and fidelity in Jesus and draws towards Him, will cognize the manner to make God, this is entirely expressed in His statement no 1 comes to the Father except through me. 6 Since Jesus is the incarnation of Godhead truth and life, the lone manner to come in the celestial kingdom is through Him. The Vine In the concluding I AM expressions Jesus uses the metaphor of the vine and the subdivisions. He reveals Himself as the true vine, and compares Himself with the people of Israel who he metaphorically described as subdivisions who had failed to bear fruit, hence neglecting to laud God. Fortunately, what is known as failure and impossible with adult male, can be turned into success and become possible through Christ. Knowing He is from Eden and the life He possesses is godly, He can besides provide life to the subdivisions. Here John nowadayss Jesus non as one who bears fruit, but as the beginning of power leting those who stay in brotherhood with Him to bear fruit and carry through the program of God. Hebrews 9:24 quotation marks that the Tabernacle in Eden is called the true collapsible shelter and the earthly sanctuary is known as a transcript of the true 1 that is in Eden. The nazarene reveals Himself to be the true vine . This vine is of heavenly beginning, and hence has the ability to uncover heavenly world and give life to the subdivisions which are united with it. Jesus refers to God as the vinedresser this shows us that God is the proprietor and plantation owner of the vine and the subdivisions. The map of the subdivisions is to bear fruit , in other words one demand to make good workss after penitence ( Luke 6:35, Matt 3:10 ) . God expects good plants from human existences, and failure to execute them will take to God s opinion, ensuing in one being separated from Him and to devastation. Those who bear fruit reproduce Jesus life by which the Father s glorification will be revealed to the universe. Jesus continues the metaphor by mentioning to all His adherents stating, every subdivision of mine . Meaning those who are united with Jesus will be recognized by the universe as His adherents. The Father, the vinedresser, takes off any subdivisio ns that does non bear fruit, and prunes those that do. Clearly what is seen here is that God is the 1 who controls the whole procedure of fruit-bearing. 7 He purifies the vine to protect the fruit-bearing subdivisions by taking subdivisions that do non bear fruit intending followings of Christ who becomes unfaithful. He takes them away from His people and consigning them to ageless penalty. God besides purifies the fruitful subdivisions by sniping them so that they will bear more fruit. God s pruning of trusters takes topographic point through the salvaging mission of Christ words and workss. Jesus tells His adherents that they are already clean by the word He has spoken, which is the Father s word. Here word bases for the whole message of redemption preached and performed by Jesus who besides declares God and His love to mankind. Those who receive Jesus and His word by religion will see God s Glory and are passed from decease to life. The adherents, who have received Jesus word, are already clean ; nevertheless, cleansing is a procedure ; every bit long as they remain in Christ God the Father will go on to clean them so that they will bear more fruit. Jesus emphasises this point so that they realise the Father is already sniping them and they are already cleansed doing them suit for brotherhood with Christ. They need non try to pass over out evil from their heads or partake in any signifier of speculation in order to accomplish brotherhood with God ; for brotherhood with Christ, and in Him with God, is a gift that has already been given and need to be received by relig ion. Jesus exhortation, abide in me and I in you , is the cardinal statement in chapter 15. Here Jesus issues a bid, in footings of the metaphor of a vine and it branches. This metaphor highlights the communal life of which the individual who does the abiding is portion of. Life for the church flows from Jesus, and one can non absorb life from Him unless they are united with Him. All one demand to make is to stay in brotherhood with Him. When we abide in Christ, and do His word our subject of speculation in our mundane life in love and obeisance, we can use His word to alterations in our every twenty-four hours state of affairs. Believers can be nurtured by Jesus life through chew overing on and absorbing His words. Decision The nazarene came into the universe from heaven to convey redemption to mankind, by giving up His ain life as a forfeit on the cross. God s name I AM and glorification are given to Him uncovering them to those who believe in Him as the anointed Messiah sent by God into the universe. He has divine authorization and delegated power to give heavenly life to everyone who comes to Him. There is no other individual one can look for godly life except in the one whom God has authorized. So to follow and stay in Jesus is the lone manner to redemption, as we observe from His I AM expressions. Salvation is no longer confined to the state of Israel but is extended to all states of the universe.

How To Use Advanced Link-Building Tactics To Crush SEO [PODCAST]

How To Use Advanced Link-Building Tactics To Crush SEO [PODCAST] Everyone wants more traffic, particularly organic traffic. The way to get that is to boost your SEO strategy to rank better and to drive more people to your website. But what is this SEO game all about? How does Google decide who it loves and who it doesn’t? Is having industry influencers sending their own audience members to your site just a pipe dream? Today we’re talking to Joshua Hardwick, the founder of the SEO Project and a writer at Ahrefs. He’s going to talk to us about outreach-based SEO. If you’ve been wanting to get your site at the top of the Google results page (and who hasn’t?), you won’t want to miss today’s show. Some of the highlights include: A bit of information about The Seo Project and what is on the blog. What outreach-based link-building is and why it’s important to someone’s SEO strategy. Why the quality and usefulness of your content is still king, no matter what your SEO strategy is. The importance of knowing your audience: What do they want to read about? Joshua talks about a few hints and tips for getting more people to read your content. Why the skyscraper technique often works well. How to reach out to industry influencers in an effort to build a relationship. Some ways NOT to approach link-building with outreach. Tips on how to know whether your strategy is working: What metrics should you be looking for? The SEO Project Skyscraper Technique Joshua on Ahrefs BuzzSumoIf you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Joshua: â€Å"The first place to start is to have something worthwhile, something that people will actually link to.† â€Å"My number one piece of advice would be just to be as genuine as you possibly can.† â€Å"Even if youre creating great content, even if you’ve got everything else right, most people won’t rank for the terms that they want to rank for without getting at least some links.†

Technologicial Entrepreneurship & Innovation Essay

Technologicial Entrepreneurship & Innovation - Essay Example Lack of communication and coordination, thus becomes an impediment on the invention. Individuals working alone do not have to manage teams and thus can fully concentrate on the work at hand. Jewkes also points out that research organizations hire people who may not be totally research driven. The passion to achieve something new is absent from many people working within an organization. For the individual worker, the passion is there since he utilizes his own resources and his efforts largely go unpaid. Despite this, the individual worker pursues his aim since he is driven by the passion of invention. However, research organizations set the pace for the invention which would otherwise be dependent on the inventor’s spark of genius which could take any length of time if the inventor is left to his own devices. While Jewkes fights against the concept of individuals working in teams, he also provides certain pros of the position. He believes that teams should be encouraged so as to provide support to the individual worker. According to Jewkes, the purpose of teams should be to help the actual inventor to gain support from the men who are under his command. Also Jewkes believes that teamwork has become imperative in this era of specialization. This is because as science and technology have advanced to new levels, it is difficult for the individual to know everything. This then demands the need for team work where members fill in the information required to work on complex tasks. b. Innovation arising among individuals or small enterprises vs. large, highly structured enterprises (about 500 words) Innovation arising among individuals is the preferred form of innovation in the opinion of Jewkes. To support this claim, Jewkes offers various examples as well as...Apple iPod was introduced in 2000 as a reaction to music players that were already in the market but none was as sleek as the Apple iPod. The ten stereotypes developed by Scott Burken do not absolutely hold true for this innovation. As times, the iPod defies the stereotypes and takes in own path. One stereotypes that iPod defies from the ten stereotypes is the reaction of the public towards the product. Previously consumers were using large music players that were bulky and not as convenient as the iPod, thus when presented with the iPod; they fell in love with it. Apple Inc. already had a reputation of delivery top quality innovative products and this reputation went along with iPod. Thus iPod was an instant success among the public since they were given a more beautiful and bigger machines for playing music than they previously had. Burken, on the other hand, asserts that innovations when introduced in the market do not receive the reaction that they do after some time. They fail to generate interest among the customers; however, this was not the case with Apple’s iPod. Another stereotype that Apple iPod defies is that it was developed under the guidance of Steve Jobs. Steve Jobs, before being an innovator, is a manager.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing - Essay Example Balancing marketing mix enables the business to deliver its product in the right location within the stipulated time. Firms that demonstrate great consumer satisfaction are able to hold on large market shares because they respond effectively to consumer trends. Introduction Sustainability of an organisation depends on economic viability of the business in relation to customer’s behaviour. Business enterprises that post successful results in the market are able to convince consumers to buy their products as well as reciprocating consumer’s behaviour by providing products, which will satisfy consumer demands. Zara is an apparel company with outlets in famous cities of the world. The organisation traces its root in Spain; however, it has branches in major cities of the world. The concept that this paper intend to discuss is marketing of the company product. Marketing is a crucial element for the business because it dictates the viability of the sustainability of the busine ss. The report will explore various marketing aspects such as customer, market environment, and marketing mix in relation to the strategy of the business. Investigation of the above aspects will enable the report to make recommendation as well as developing future strategies of increasing the performance of the business. The operation of the company in foreign markets is a concern of this paper. The choice of market is very critical to the business performance. However, the knowledge of customer choices helps many enterprises to integrate their markets with respect to consumer behaviour. Zara The firm established its operation in 1975 in Galicia Spain. The firm has stretched its operation to cover large cities in the world. It retails products of textile with a focus on fashion trends that dictate the consumer behaviour in the clothing industry. The profit margin of the organisation has been consistently high, demonstrating that the organisation is economically viable. Currently, th e organisation has 2,692 stores across the world (Dutta, 2002:3). The organisation’s aim is to feed the markets with medium quality products at competitive prices. The idea is to ensure that the company products are selling in a highly competitive environment. The organisation relies on consumer trends in designing its products as well as setting the prices of the product. Clothing apparels pose a number of challenges to entrepreneurs because the consumption behaviour changes with fashion trends (Luo, 2008:6). This requirement dictates the marketing strategy of the product. For instance, the organisation has observed that high prices delay stock turn over which eventually reflects on the profit margin of the organisation. Zara’s manufacturing and stocking trend ensures that the customers’ tastes are available in the market at any given time. The idea seems to be influencing the manufacturing trends developed by the firm. Time is a concept that influences product behaviour in most cases. Some product have short expiry period while other have long expiry period. Whatever the case, market response for the company product dictates the manufacturing speed and the profit of the business. For example, Y products in the market may take two months in the market. The two months would be reflecting on the product demand patterns demonstrated by the consumers. However, when the organisation decides to change the prices of the

English Views of Native Americans During Catholic-Protestant Conflict in the New World Essay Example for Free

English Views of Native Americans During Catholic-Protestant Conflict in the New World Essay English Views of Native Americans during Catholic-Protestant Conflict in the New World During the 16th and 17th century, as settlers from Europe continued to flock to the New World, technologies were being introduced that affected English views of Native Americans and how they saw Catholic, or more specifically, Spanish treatment of the Natives. Many countries wanted superiority in the Americas and to do that they needed more colonists and support from their homelands. To accomplish these goals different means were employed. For England, the New World settlements served a variety of purposes. To secure investors through stock purchases by showing them they would be well rewarded, attract new colonists, and to expand Protestantism in the New World to combat the Catholic movement in the Americas (text 38). Helping in these goals were new technologies that created some of the first propaganda. Many people in Europe feared the Native Americans, thinking of them as savage and uncivilized. Unrest and this fear among the people probably caused many to avoid even entertaining the thought of transplanting themselves and their family to an unknown continent. In 1588 Thomas Harriot published the first pamphlet about life in the New World. Describing great weather, fruitful land, and a wealth of goods these writings encouraged people to travel across the Atlantic. Along with him, painter John White, portrayed the Native Americans as a peaceful people that could easily coexist with Europeans. Taking liberties from these paintings, Theodore de Bry, a protestant from Belgium, made copperplate engravings of civilized Indians. These pictures and views of the Natives had a widespread appeal across England and alleviated fears of the New World which encouraged more settlers to take the voyage and more investors to purchase stock in colonizing companies. One of the biggest battles in the New World was between Catholic and Protestants to control the Americas. During this time Spain was the envy of Europe. With a large navy they were one of the most powerful armies in the world, wealthy, and boasted many colonies in the New World. Several countries, especially England, looked upon Spain with disdain. England being a Protestant country and Spain Catholic did nothing but increase the tension. Public opinion was very important in this power struggle. In 1598 Theodore de Bry republished Bartolome de Casa’s â€Å"Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies (text 38-39)† which helped win supporters for the Protestant movement and England’s prerogative in the Americas. Originally this book was written in 1541 about Spanish mistreatment of the Indians. De Casa’s writing along with de Bry’s graphic illustrations horrified people of the torture and killing of Indians by the Spaniards. The Protestants saw the Catholics as agents of the devil who needed to be purged from society in the New World. Ironically this thinking was hypocritical as almost all countries, including England, mistreated the Native Americans throughout colonization and for centuries to come. Many travel accounts were written over the years that portrayed a frightening and exciting New World to the Europeans. While most of these accounts were written based on opinion and very little facts, they had an important place among society and were very powerful in swaying people’s opinions about Native Americans, the New World, and rival European nations. New technologies of publishing and illustrating at the time helped spread these documents ideas and opinions faster than ever and we saw for possibly the first time ever a propaganda war.

Essay --

Hybrid tribunals are most often established in post-conflict regions where no international tribunal exists, and local capacities are insufficient to singularly cope with mass atrocity. Examples of â€Å"hybrid† tribunals include: East Timor, Cambodia, Sierra Leone, and Lebanon. In the event that an international tribunal, such as the ICC, cannot cope with the number of alleged perpetrators, hybrid tribunals also serve as an alternative accountability mechanism. A newly created â€Å"hybrid† international criminal tribunal for Syria will most effectively serve the transitional and restorative justice goals of President Bashar al-Assad’s prosecution. Although the precise definition of â€Å"hybrid† courts is still evolving, some baseline characteristics have emerged. Hybrids aim to marry the expertise and resources of the international community with the legitimacy of local actors. Generally, hybrids are comprised of mixed staff, both local and international, and compound international and national substantive and procedural law. Hybrid tribunals criticize the notion that justice is most effectively served in a wholly â€Å"international† context (dominated largely by Western mechanisms of accountability). Instead, hybrids emphasize the importance of local input in any long-term solution to post-atrocity transitional and restorative justice goals. The underlying raison d’à ©tre of a hybrid tribunal in Syria relies on the philosophical premise that post-atrocity accountability mechanisms should empower local governments and communities in order to achieve transitional and restorative justice goals. The import ance of local empowerment is especially significant in the wake of conflicts that occur within the borders of a state (i.e. civil wars). The languag... ...al infrastructure. However, the narrow mandate of the Syrian tribunal and its co-tribunals in Sierra Leone, Lebanon, and others, does not give effect to this problem. Assuming the mandate of the Syrian tribunal accords it jurisdiction over â€Å"perpetrators, organizers, sponsors, and indispensible accomplices,† consider the position of a member of the former, fallen political party that neglected to prevent the commission of atrocities but did not himself participate in them. Arguably, he may or may not â€Å"fall within the jurisdiction† of the international criminal tribunal for Syria, and amnesty laws may be recognized as a bar to prosecution. Ideally, amnesties would not be a necessary component of transition from pre- to post-conflict societies. However, a conditional limitation on the recognition of amnesties serves the more pragmatic interests of transitioning State.

Information Subsystems for E-Commerce in the Supply Chain of Amazon.com

Ecommerce – has brought about a huge revolution in the global business by incorporating both the use of Internet-based computing and information systems to work out every small business processes. Businesses use the facility of internet to efficiently drive their supply chain management systems, trading with partners, giving back fast response to customer query and to over come resource shortages as well. This paper examines the importance of information based – ecommerce supply chain systems, in the online store likes–Amazon.com.There are four main vital issues that need to be addressed with the aim of the study – information collection, planning, systematized workflow, and modern updated business models. ECommerce business solutions provide the benefits of supply chain with reduction in costs, flexibility, and faster response times. However, the beginning of the ecommerce era, has led along a number of critical issues that determine the success of an eco mmerce business online.The e-supply chains of the online ecommerce websites, which are loaded with information systems have covered every part on the World Wide Web and there are loads of applications that are running with the help of this technology. The organization of an e- supply chain needs a global supply chain transparency, which in turn can only be achieved through incorporation of the various sub-information systems that are present within the ecommerce supply chain.This visibility or transparency can only be achieved if all the parts of the supply chain management system of an eCommerce site come on a common platform to share knowledge and real time information with the help of systems or electronic markets that collect and supply data bases about the transactions. The e-supply chain can be automated and well planned in order to deliver more productivity and increase the response of the eCommerce system. Some of the solutions that have been devised and also used up in the present are examples of electronic marketplaces like e-bay, amazon. com, mutual exchanges and Business to Business process controllers.There are various example of applications and other processes that are used up to form the backbone of any information system for an e-commerce trade, like CPFR, VMI and make to order. This paper is an attempt to decompose the typical nature of an e-supply chain in terms of information systems for an online store – Amanzon. com. In the beginning, we start with the nature of supply chains and later, we will look into the emerging trends with Ammazon. com, which have suitably been adapted to its eCommerce supply chains.Basics of a Supply chain1. PlanningThis is the premeditated segment of Supply chain management. This is the first step of SCM, in which a strategy is prepared for the efficient management of all the resources that are needed in meeting the market demands, less costs, high quality and value to the customer. The business plans are d eveloped in co-ordination with the suppliers who will be a part of the manufacturing process of new products.2. Resource allocationAfter a plan of action has been created, the next step of a Supply chain management is to select the suppliers who will deliver the goods and services. A number of issues arise here – pricing, time of delivery, payment procedures, monitoring, inventory of goods, shipment, verification, authorization and improving the two party relationships. These actions put together, give way to a well managed supply chain.3. Production and commercializationThis is the industrialized manufacturing step included within a supply chain. Most often this is the most complex step that needs first-rate handling at all levels.It consists of scheduling the activities, which form the various stages of production, testing, packaging and the final preparation of a product. The production stage is the most metric-intensive part of the supply chain as it can give vital data a nalysis for measuring the quality levels, cost of production, worker productivity. According to According to Lambert and Cooper (2000), the mangers who are in charge of the product development and commercialization cycle of the product must:synchronize with customer relationship management to recognize client-articulated needs.decide on resources and dealers in combination with procurement.Develop a manufacture technology in developing a proper flow to manufacture and incorporate the best supply chain flow for the product/market combination.4. TransportationThis stage of the supply chain is also referred to as Logistics by many experts. This stage is concerned with the movement of the final finished product to the customer. In physical terms, the customer is the final destination of the product, which is in turn linked through a marketing channel.This stage includes the co-ordination of order receipts, warehousing management, selecting transport carriers, shipment, and distribution of the product to customers and setting up an invoicing system to receive payments.5. Rate of ReturnThis stage concerns with the analysis of the whole activity that has been carried out as different parts of the Supply Chain. Every activity is broken down into sub activities so that the investment and rate of return per activity is calculated. This also consists of creating a network for receiving feedbacks from customers.Therefore as suggested above, any traditional supply chain consists of many stages that include the participation of one or more companies. Any supply chain includes more than one company tied up together in a series of supplier-customer relationships. These relationships define all the activities from the purchase of raw materials to the delivery of finished goods to the end client. The raw materials enter into a manufacturing process and are transformed into finished goods, which are supplied at the distribution centers. The finished goods are then supplied to cu stomers through the market.Supply chain and information Systems Successful trade thrives on information. Any industry that cannot boast of a strong information system for the Supply chain Management will never render the desired results. The importance of an efficient information system and how it works to improve the performance of ecommerce sites, its various applications, thereby giving a substantial improve in rate of return and saving money by utilization of specific applications in receiving, production tracking, quality control, and transport operations.To gain competitive advantage, e-companies have been using a number of schemes to increase their source of information and visibility into their tasks, many of them turned to enterprise resource planning or ERP, customer relationship management (CRM), supply chain and various other management softwares. Definitely, these softwares and their respective applications can be highly effective, but their efficiency is hampered when the data they require is not timely collected and presented before them.That is why the most important concern is providing cost-efficient and effective tools for providing accurate and on time data to enterprise applications to gain advantage. Supply Chain Management and information systems deals with the flow of goods from the firm, along with the facilities, to the final destination – customer. In this new era of intense competition, supply chain efficacies and its efficient implementation are not only necessary, but also the requirements for survival for any industry.A proper performance based supply chain management contributes to higher revenue, low operation cost, better warehousing management, order tracking and processing, packaging, and added satisfaction for the customers. Supply chain management has been engaged in organizations round the world, performing critical tasks. In addition, the rising global economy and the world-wide establishment of e-commerce also sh arpened the premeditated significance of supply chain management and has twisted the old methods so that they take advantage by benefiting from supply chain strategy and planning as a competitive tool.By the integration of supply chain, with customer relationship plans and an effective financial management, it has become easier for any firm to stay in firm control of business activities and generate the results that are aimed for. However, according to the study made, there has been a significant record about the optimal productivity that could have been achieved as compared to what the organizations are achieving at the moment. There are some serious problems that have come to the surface or were known to be existing since a long time, within the Supply Chain Management systems.For example, a problem with the Distribution network in Amazon has been cited at many instances, a many distribution centers, causing difficulties with suppliers, production facilities, and distribution outl ets. At the same time, the inefficient data distribution has been identified as a cause that leads to loss of integration of various processes within the Supply chain and causes the inability to predict demands, forecasts, inventory and transportations needs.The issue of a proper and well defined distribution strategy has also been acknowledged lately by the experts which discusses the option of centralized and decentralized distribution strategies, shipment etc. Due to these and many other factors, it has become vital, that the present practices of Supply chain and information chain management be revised and studied in depth to render the process to become more effective and profitable for the online business sites.The use of Information technology has become unavoidable for imparting solutions for a variety of supply chain management and design problems. These IT skills must work in unison to develop the Business to Business and Business to Customer needs. Various IT solutions tha t have been developed today, implement solutions for e-collaboration, faster response methods, jointly managed warehousing facilities and transportation. One of the most common IT applications within a supply chain is that of bar codes which makes data collection accurate and fast.Most of the enterprises apply the bar code shipping labels or RFID application on their finished goods that are about to leave the company premises. But with changing trends, mangers have learned that if the use of bar codes is pushed back into the production system, then it provides tremendous labor and material savings. These changes lead to less time delays and this times saved can easily be converted into financial benefits and increased productivity.Similarly, the use of Direct Store Delivery (DSD) and other route accounting operations when combined with mobile printing applications saves a lot of time and reduces the cost by a remarkable amount and in turn increases the return on Investment. Likewise , there are a number of IT applications that can benefit eCommerce sites to develop its information system so as to meet the customer requirements. Business information, production reports, warehousing data, inventory problems can be supported with the help of better managed supply chain management solutions coupled with some of these IT solutions.

Mohsin Hamid Essay

Mohsin Hamid is the author of three novels: Moth Smoke (published in 2000), a finalist for the PEN/Hemingway Award; The Reluctant Fundamentalist (2007), a million-copy international bestseller that was shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize, made into a feature film, and named one of the books that defined the decade by the Guardian; and, most recently, How to Get Filthy Rich in Rising Asia (2013). His fiction has appeared in the New Yorker, Granta, and the Paris Review and been translated into over 30 languages. The recipient of numerous awards, he has been called â€Å"one of his generation’s most inventive and gifted writers† by the New York Times, â€Å"one of the most talented and formally audacious writers of his generation† by the Daily Telegraph, and â€Å"one of the most important writers working today† by the Daily Beast. He also regularly writes essays on themes ranging from literature to politics and is a contributor to publications around the world, including the New York Times, the Guardian, the New York Review of Books, Dawn, and La Repubblica. A self-described mongrel, he was born in 1971 in Lahore, Pakistan, and has lived about half his life there. The rest he has spent drifting between places such as London, New York, California, the Philippines, and Italy. â€Å"Moth Smoke† Moth Smoke is a steamy (in both senses) and often darkly amusing book about sex, drugs, and class warfare in postcolonial Asia. Hamid struc- tures Moth Smoke somewhat like a murder trial. On the stand is Daru, a cynical, hash-loving 28-year-old bank drone and onetime boxer now accused of running over a child. Daru relates his decline and fall after being fired from the bank (a moment he compares to a â€Å"quick sidestep in un- reality, like meeting your mother when you’re tripping†) in chapters that alternate with self-justifying monologues by the witnesses against him. Moth Smoke foregrounds Daru’s slacker predisposition and resentment toward the aristocrats (with whom he associates but cannot join) against an apocalyptic background of nuclear testing reminiscent ofRobert Aldrich’s 1955 film-version take onMickey Spillane’s Kiss Me Deadly. An underdog redress occurs when Daru steals his rich best friend Ozi’s wife, Mumtaz, a iscontented young mother who has become a clandestine investigative reporter since moving back to Lahore, Pakistan, from New York. Their romance generates big heat and smoke and Hamid leaves no nook or cranny of the fire metaphor unexplored, reinvigorating its archetypal metaforce with everything from the titular play of moth and flame to the apocalyptic burnout of nuclear war. When Daru and Mumtaz meet for the first time, she leaves a smoldering cigarette butt in an ashtray bed. â€Å"I crush mine into it,† relates Daru, â€Å"grinding until both stop burning. Daru’s meager resources wane as the couple’s passion intensifies, and their relationship—not unlike that binding India to Pakistan—threatens to destroy everyone around them. Halfway through the book, to cool things off, Hamid tosses in an only slightly ironic chapter titled â€Å"what lovely weather we’re having (or the importance of air-conditioning),† in which Daru’s former economics professor discusses how Pakistan’s elite â€Å"have managed to re-create for themselves the living conditions of say, Sweden, without leaving the dusty plains of the subcontinent. Although the novel is woozy with alcohol, hash, Ecstasy, and heroin, they serve less as pleasure vehicles than as tokens of societal decadence. Daru’s social status plummets even further when he becomes a part-time dealer to the rich kids who overpay for his wares. Maneuvering in the background are the hardcore Islamic â€Å"fundos,† whose one-size-fits-all fanaticism, Hamid suggests, possesses seductive qualities no less compelling than Ozi’s self-righteous aria justifying his own corruption (he’s not a bad guy, he argues; he just makes people jealous). As for Daru, Hamid leaves unclear whether it’s class rancor that drives him over the brink, or the displaced nurture he derives from bad-mother Mumtaz. The Falstaffian figure of Murad Badshah, the rickshaw driver and dealer who enlists Daru in a wack scheme to knock over upscale boutiques, offers comedy relief. â€Å"Armed robbery is like public speaking,† says Murad. â€Å"Both offer a brief period in the limelight, the risk of public humiliation, the opportunity for crowd control. † Daru’s moment in the spotlight goes awry during a suspenseful scene whose panicky, botched outcome is pure Tarantino mishegaas. By novel’s end, the morally and financially impoverished Daru—all thirst, no quenching, and recently introduced to the joys of heroin smoke—amuses himself by playing desultory games of â€Å"moth badminton† with the insects that have overtaken his barren home. The atmosphere is vacant and corrupt, the sense of loss reminiscent of the empty, overgrown swimming pools that populate J. G. Ballard’s Empire of the Sun, the sort of slipstream masterpiece Hamid obviously admires. But Moth Smoke reads more like a tough and sinewy B movie, the kind whose dark complexities expand the more you ponder it. â€Å"The Reluctant Fundamentalist† Some books are acts of courage, maybe because the author tries out an unproven style, addresses an unpopular theme or allows characters to say things that no one wants to hear. Mohsin Hamid’s novel, The Reluctant Fundamentalist, does all those things. Told in the form of an extended monologue, the novel reflects on a young Pakistani’s almost five years in America. After excelling at Princeton, Changez had become a highly regarded employee at a prestigious financial firm. He seemed to have achieved the perfect American life. We know from the beginning, however, that it will not last long. Changez narrates his story from a cafe in Lahore, his birthplace, while speaking to an American man whose role is unclear. Changez tells him, â€Å"Yes, I was happy in that moment. I felt bathed in a warm sense of accomplishment. Nothing troubled me; I was a young New Yorker with the city at my feet. † (Tellingly, while he didn’t see himself as a foreigner during this time, the two colleagues closest to him were also outsiders: one â€Å"non-white,† the other a gay man who grew up poor. ) In the aftermath of Sept. 11, as the tone of the country becomes more hostile, Changez’s corporate cloak lifts, and his life in America no longer seems so perfect. Paralleling the narrative of Changez’s work life is the tale of his romantic involvement with Erica, an elegant and well-to-do New Yorker who has emotional baggage that eventually leads to a breakdown. The impossible love story softens the book, allowing Changez to tell the same story from a different perspective. Both of his potential conquests (America, Erica) have deep appeal, yet both have been damaged, making it impossible for them to be part of Changez’s life. Hamid’s writing is strongest when Changez is analyzing the finer points of being a foreigner, â€Å"well-liked as an exotic acquaintance. When he goes out with Erica, he takes â€Å"advantage of the ethnic exception clause that is written into every code of etiquette† and wears a kurta and jeans because his blazer looks shabby. Later, when he is back in Pakistan and his parents ask for details of his American life, he says, â€Å"It was odd to speak of that world here, as it would be odd to s ing in a mosque; what is natural in one place can seem unnatural in another, and some concepts travel poorly, if at all. † Perhaps as a result of speaking Urdu and English, Hamid’s style is delightfully distinct. His clever tale lingers in the mind, partly because of the nature and originality of the troubled love story and partly because of Changez himself, who is not always likable. Or noble. The courage of The Reluctant Fundamentalist is in the telling of a story about a Pakistani man who makes it and then throws it away because he doesn’t want it anymore, because he realizes that making it in America is not what he thought it was or what it used to be. The monologue form allows for an intimate conversation, as the reader and the American listener become one. Are we sitting across from Changez at a table in Lahore, joining him in a sumptuous dinner? Do his comments cause us to bristle, making us more and more uncomfortable? Extreme times call for extreme reactions, extreme writing. Hamid has done something extraordinary with this novel, and for those who want a different voice, a different view of the aftermath of 9/11, The Reluctant Fundamentalist is well worth reading. â€Å"How to Get Filthy Rich in Rising Asia† The city of â€Å"Rising Asia† remains nameless, but through the lens of Hamid’s critical eye, we understand it to be a metropolis closely resembling Lahore, Pakistan. Drones fly overhead. Corruption, terrorism, and violence are everyday occurrences. Written in a fast-paced, second-person narration a la Jay McInerney’s â€Å"Bright Lights, Big City,† we track our nameless hero, known simply as â€Å"you,† through his journey from poor rural boy to successful tycoon of a bottled-water empire. Similarly, â€Å"Filthy Rich’’ ends up being both a personal saga of love and ambition and a pointed satiric commentary on the head-turning changes in parts of the developing world. We first meet our hero as a child, â€Å"huddled, shivering, on the packed earth under [his] mother’s cot one cold dewy morning. † He’s sickly, infected with hepatitis E, living with his family of five in a cramped, one-room shanty. There’s nothing desirable about village life. Sex between his parents is a ritual undertaken entirely clothed and right next to the children pretending to be asleep. But better things lie ahead once the family migrates to the city, a place where â€Å"wealthy neighborhoods are often divided by a single boulevard from factories and markets and graveyards . . separated from the homes of the impoverished only by an open sewer, railroad track, or narrow alley. † It’s the bleak disparity between the rich and the poor that our hero is determined to cross in order to get filthy rich in rising Asia. Lest we forget, we’re still in the land of self-help, and in proper prescriptive fashion, each chapter homes in on a goal to improving one’s station (â€Å"Get an Education,† â€Å"Befriend a Bureaucrat,† â€Å"Dance with Debt†) and each is a glimpse into our protagonist’s career at a different stage of life, from childhood to old age. He enters the workforce as a teenager, working the night shift as a delivery boy of pirated DVDs. As a result, he meets his soulmate, known only as â€Å"the pretty girl. † She works at a beauty salon but is destined for bigger things. And he’s a poor boy still wet behind the ears searching his â€Å"inner salmon† for the proper motivation. Their relationship develops into a mutual crush, and she deflowers him, but this is a love that could never be, and she finds a better mate to run off with, a marketing manager in advertising. Love, we are told, only â€Å"dampens the fire in the steam furnace of ambition, robbing of essential propulsion an already fraught upriver journey to the heart of financial success. † Hamid’s ear for replicating infomercial mumbo-jumbo is fine-tuned, producing some hilarious moments of dramatic irony. As the novel progresses through our narrator’s life’s work, from street salesman of â€Å"non-expired-labeled expired-goods† to his true calling, the bottled-water trade — a business so dirty that he must lie, cheat, cook his books, make bribes, and sometimes murder — it reveals a rather moving portrait of a life lived in regret and denial. He marries the wrong woman, fails as a father to his only son, and once his bottled-water business becomes an empire, he loses it, and the rise toward staggering wealth becomes a quick plummet to the bottom. There’s an unfortunate side effect to a novel of such admirable ambition. Hamid attempts to find the universal in the non-specific. And it’s an experiment that’s not completely successful. With his intentional generality and the many nameless players— â€Å"you,† â€Å"your mother,† â€Å"your father,† â€Å"your wife,† â€Å"your brother-in-law† — Hamid has created a set of characters we begin to love but are unable to clearly see. But it’s the lifelong affair the narrator has with the pretty girl that helps us regain our focus time and again. Their lives parallel over the course of several decades. As he rises in business, his infatuation grows, and he tracks her career as a model on billboards, then as a TV personality on his wife’s favorite cooking show, then as a small-business owner in her own right. When the two come together, Hamid allows these scenes to linger pleasantly on, and in turn, his two characters appear at their most human. Hamid has admitted that the genesis of â€Å"How to Get Filthy Rich in Rising Asia† springs from the idea that reading novels can at times feel like a form of self-help. We empathize with a novel’s characters, seek their wisdom, experience their faults, find solace in their lives. Hamid’s novel embodies this concept in a tremendously profound and entertaining way, bringing to the page, front and center, why we read fiction at all. And the answer may very well be what his novel proposes: to get someone who isn’t yourself to help you.

Free Essays on History Of Internet

Origins of the Internet The first recorded description of the social interactions that could be enabled through networking was a series of memos written by J.C.R. Licklider of MIT in August 1962 discussing his "Galactic Network" concept. He envisioned a globally interconnected set of computers through which everyone could quickly access data and programs from any site. In spirit, the concept was very much like the Internet of today. Licklider was the first head of the computer research program at DARPA, 4 starting in October 1962. While at DARPA he convinced his successors at DARPA, Ivan Sutherland, Bob Taylor, and MIT researcher Lawrence G. Roberts, of the importance of this networking concept. Leonard Kleinrock at MIT published the first paper on packet switching theory in July 1961 and the first book on the subject in 1964. Kleinrock convinced Roberts of the theoretical feasibility of communications using packets rather than circuits, which was a major step along the path towards computer networking. The other key step was to make the computers talk together. To explore this, in 1965 working with Thomas Merrill, Roberts connected the TX-2 computer in Mass. to the Q-32 in California with a low speed dial-up telephone line creating the first (however small) wide-area computer network ever built. The result of this experiment was the realization that the time-shared computers could work well together, running programs and retrieving data as necessary on the remote machine, but that the circuit switched telephone system was totally inadequate for the job. Kleinrock's conviction of the need for packet switching was confirmed. In late 1966 Roberts went to DARPA to develop the computer network concept and quickly put together his plan for the "ARPANET", publishing it in 1967. At the conference where he presented the paper, there was also a paper on a packet network concept from the UK by Donald Davies and Roger Scantlebury of NPL. Scantl... Free Essays on History Of Internet Free Essays on History Of Internet Origins of the Internet The first recorded description of the social interactions that could be enabled through networking was a series of memos written by J.C.R. Licklider of MIT in August 1962 discussing his "Galactic Network" concept. He envisioned a globally interconnected set of computers through which everyone could quickly access data and programs from any site. In spirit, the concept was very much like the Internet of today. Licklider was the first head of the computer research program at DARPA, 4 starting in October 1962. While at DARPA he convinced his successors at DARPA, Ivan Sutherland, Bob Taylor, and MIT researcher Lawrence G. Roberts, of the importance of this networking concept. Leonard Kleinrock at MIT published the first paper on packet switching theory in July 1961 and the first book on the subject in 1964. Kleinrock convinced Roberts of the theoretical feasibility of communications using packets rather than circuits, which was a major step along the path towards computer networking. The other key step was to make the computers talk together. To explore this, in 1965 working with Thomas Merrill, Roberts connected the TX-2 computer in Mass. to the Q-32 in California with a low speed dial-up telephone line creating the first (however small) wide-area computer network ever built. The result of this experiment was the realization that the time-shared computers could work well together, running programs and retrieving data as necessary on the remote machine, but that the circuit switched telephone system was totally inadequate for the job. Kleinrock's conviction of the need for packet switching was confirmed. In late 1966 Roberts went to DARPA to develop the computer network concept and quickly put together his plan for the "ARPANET", publishing it in 1967. At the conference where he presented the paper, there was also a paper on a packet network concept from the UK by Donald Davies and Roger Scantlebury of NPL. Scantl...

Why Water Is More Dense Than Ice

Why Water Is More Dense Than Ice Water is unusual in that its maximum density occurs as a liquid, rather than as a solid. This means ice floats on water. Density is the mass per unit volume of a material. For all substances, density changes with temperature. The mass of material does not change, but the volume or space that it occupies either increases or decreases with temperature. The vibration of molecules increases as temperature rises and they absorb more energy. For most substances, this increases the space between molecules, making warmer liquids less dense than cooler solids. Its All About Hydrogen Bonds However, this effect is offset in water by hydrogen bonding. In liquid water, hydrogen bonds connect each water  molecule to approximately 3.4 other water molecules. When water freezes into ice, it crystallizes into a rigid lattice that increases the space between molecules, with each  molecule hydrogen bonded to 4 other molecules.

The processes needed to effectively plan, implement and manage the Essay

The processes needed to effectively plan, implement and manage the capacity of a manufacturing organisation - Essay Example Through manufacturing capacity development, organisations determine the most efficient methods for manufacturing through analysing different manufacturing processes, which can be utilised in manufacturing of similar products. The management of the manufacturing processes aims at increasing the manufacturing capacity for various manufacturing plants. Proper management of manufacturing processes would ensure maximum manufacturing capacity, through maintaining the highest achievable production with available resources. The manufacturing capacity should also be properly managed and controlled in order to achieve significant benefits (Ceryan and Koren, 2009). Proper utilisation of resources, therefore, becomes fundamental to effectiveness of manufacturing capacity, under varying business conditions. Consideration of the impacts of the variations could enable an organisation achieve desirable manufacturing capacities, with limited manufacturing resources. The manufacturing process Manufact uring generally refers to the processes involved in transforming raw materials into usable products (Grewal, 2011). The manufacturing process remains highly dependent on the economic systems existing within the manufacturing regions. Within free market economies, manufacturing aims at producing large quantities of products. Collectivist economies produce a manufacturing system aimed at supplying products based on government direction, while mixed economies are characterised by numerous governmental regulations on manufacturing processes. The manufacturing policy adopted by various plants therefore, remains highly dependent on the economic system under which the manufacturing process occurs. While economic systems affect the manufacturing design adopted by manufacturers, the manufacturing capacity remains independent of economic systems, within the manufacturing region. This capacity becomes solely dependent of the processes adopted within the manufacturing system. The processes are utilised in determining the efficient methods which can effectively use limited resources and achieve immense production outcomes. The manufacturing process adopted could be utilised in development of the plan being adopted to ensure maximum return on investment. The manufacturing process normally defines the technology being adopted in converting the various raw materials into consumable products. The process involves the application of various technological methods and systems utilised in converting raw materials into consumable products (Sweeney, Williams and Camm, 2009). In choosing the manufacturing process, the human capital capacity and other resources become fundamental considerations, for decision-makers in ensuring efficiency of manufacturing. Proper utilisation of available resources could result in increased output while utilising similar manufacturing methods, and having equal resources. The manufacturing capacity seeks to establish the highest production level achievab le through utilisation of available resources. The output remains a significant determinant of manufacturing capacity for a specified manufacturing plant. Planning The planning process for manufacturing capacity remains essential in establishing various methods which could be utilised to ensure maximum output from available resources. The optimum capacity building must be established during the planning process (Grewal, 2011). During this stage, the fundamental issues considered include the amount of capacity required and the type of systems which should be adopted. In determining the required capacity, the market target for the goods becomes essential. The decision-makers must have knowledge of the market for the products. Fast-moving consumer goods, for example, would involve